В южной Англии на Солсберийской равнине находятся остатки древнего каменного храма. Камни образуют композицию из вертикально установленных менгиров, образующих круг диаметром 29,6 метра. Этот круг камней сверху соединен горизонтально лежащими плоскими камнями. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э. Это древнее сооружение расположенное в Англии, Сейчас археологи сошлись во мнении, что этот архитектурный памятник возведен в три этапа между 3500 и 1100 гг. до н.э.

Этапы постройки Стоунхенджа. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг. Вначале (гг. до н.э.) был сделан кольцевой ров с двумя насыпными валами, незамкнутые с северо-востока. Перед входом в кольцо выкопаны четыре лунки, назначение которых неизвестно. На перемычке концов внутренней насыпи сделаны еще две лунки. Пяточный камень - первый камень Стоунхенджа - вкопан в 30 метрах от кольца к юго-востоку от оси входа. Внутри кольца были выкопаны 56 лунок, образующих замкнутый круг.

Второй этап начался в 2200 г. до н.э. Были установлены первые мегалиты - 82 «голубых камня» (присутствующие во многих культовых центрах по всей Земле) - тесаные камни из долерита весом до 5 тонн каждый. Их расположили двумя кругами на расстоянии 1, 8 друг от друга и в 10, 5 м от центра. Западная часть колец не была достроена.

Заключительный этап начался около 2100 г до н.э. Возле центра сооружена «подкова» из пяти «трилитов» (групп из двух вертикальных и горизонтального камней установленных в виде буквы «П"). Трилиты окружены кольцом из 30 вертикально стоящих камней, покрытых горизонтальными. Ось «подковы» совпадает с главной ось комплекса. Трилиты имеют высоту 6, 6, 5 и 7, 2 м.

Вид сверху. Стоунхендж, Великобритания – 2100 г. До н.э.

В конце 3 тысячелетия до нашей эры Стоунхендж подвергся новой самой масштабной перестройке, благодаря которой он стал так популярен в наши дни. С холмов южной Англии (удаленных на 40 км) сюда привезли 30 огромных каменных блоков, каждый из которых весил по 25 тонн. Их расставили в центре Стоунхенджа по кругу диаметром 30 метров

В самом сердце Стоунхенджа поставили шеститонный монолит из зеленого слюдяного песчаника так называемый «Алтарь». Кроме того, северо- восточный вход был перенесен чуть в сторону и расширен так, чтобы он смотрел точно на восход солнца в день летнего солнцестояния.

Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг». Стоунхендж постепенно разрушается. За время наблюдений за памятником успело упасть три плиты. Сейчас туристов уже не допускают в каменный «круг».

Русский Стоунхендж. Гора Воттоваара. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В начале 90-х годов на северо-западном побережье Онежского озера было открыто святилище времен неолита, названное Пегремой, в составе которого находились зооморфные идолы, диски из песчаника и пр., что свидетельствовало о развитости религиозно- магического культа и глубоких навыках в обработке камня у наших далеких предков. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе. В 1993 году был открыт ныне широко известный, но до сих пор недостаточно изученный, древний языческий комплекс на горе Воттоваара, что в Муезерском районе.

На вершине Воттоваары, на площади примерно в 6 км, находятся огромные камни прямоугольной формы, удивительные сооружения из камней в виде правильного круга, названные археологами кромлехами, и около 1600 камней-сейдов, уложенных в некоем таинственном порядке.
Сейд – по понятиям аборигенов Карелии саами - это природный объект, в котором живёт почитаемый дух. Сейды бывают как естественного происхождения (деревья, скалы, животные, всевозможные явления природы) так и рукотворные. Как правило, рукотворный сейд представляет собой крупный валун, поставленный на несколько более мелких камней или в какое-нибудь неустойчивое положение.
Есть версия, что возраст комплекса около 2000 лет, а идея его сооружения принадлежит северным племенам гипербореев жителям древней северной страны Гипербореи. По саамским же поверьям, это место является средоточием злых сил: здесь растут уродливые деревья, почти отсутствует фауна, озера мертвы.

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Location of Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometres west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres north of Salisbury.

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Plan of Stonehenge 1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance

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Astronomy and Stonehenge The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbour to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.

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Druids Temple The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.

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Stonehenge as a graveyard There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.

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Legends Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey"s Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain"s dead princes.

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Conclusion It’s difficult to judge which of the theories is correct, but from what I have read I can do the conclusion that Stonehenge is the most mysterious symbol of Britain, which went through the whole history with this country and gives it special charm of mystery and unexploredness .

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Слайды презентации

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Location of Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire about 3.2 kilometres west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres north of Salisbury.

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Plan of Stonehenge

1 = The Altar Stone, a six ton monolith of green micaceous sandstone from Wales 2 = barrow without a burial 3 = "barrows" (without burials) 4 = the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres long 5 = the Heel Stone 6 = two of originally four Station Stones 7 = ditch 8 = inner bank 9 = outer bank 10 = The Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 3 km to the River Avon 11 = ring of 30 pits called the Y Holes 12 = ring of 29 pits called the Z Holes 13 = circle of 56 pits, known as the Aubrey holes 14 = smaller southern entrance

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Astronomy and Stonehenge

The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge has long been studied for its possible connections with ancient astronomy. Archaeoastronomers have claimed that Stonehenge represents an "ancient observatory," although the extent of its use for that purpose is in dispute. Many also believe that the site may have had astrological/spiritual significance attached to it as well. The discovery of evidence for a neighbour to the Heel Stone has challenged the interpretation of it as a midsummer sunrise marker. The second stone may have instead been one side of a "solar corridor" used to frame the sunrise.

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The theory that the Druids were responsible may be the most popular one; however, the Celtic society that spawned the Druid priesthood came into being only after the year 300 BC. Additionally, the Druids are unlikely to have used the site for sacrifices, since they performed the majority of their rituals in the woods or mountains, areas better suited for "earth rituals" than an open field.

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Stonehenge as a graveyard

There is a theory that Stonehenge was used for burials. Indeed, burials were found on the monuments territory, but they were made much later after Stonehenge had been built. According to news reports, a professor of archeology from the University of Sheffield, Mike Parker Pearson, who manages the Stonehenge Riverside Archaeological Project noted that in his opinion Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence and to flourish in the third millennium BC was considered by inhabitants of England as an area for the burial of the dead.

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Many early historians were influenced by supernatural folktales in their explanations. Some legends held that Merlin had a giant build the structure for him or that he had magically transported it from Mount Killarausin Ireland, while others held the Devil responsible. Henry of Huntingdon was the first to write of the monument around 1130 soon followed by Geoffrey of Monmouth who was the first to record fanciful associations with Merlin which led the monument to be incorporated into the wider cycle of European medieval romance. According to Geoffrey"s Historia Regum Britanniae, using his magic Merlin took the circle from its original place in Ireland at the behest of Aurelius Ambrosius to serve as an appropriate burial place for Britain"s dead princes.

ГБ П ОУ Н О « НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ » Тема: “Stonehenge”

Преподаватель: Мордовина

Римма Закировна.

201 6 год

Questions about Stonehenge:

• What is it?
• Where is Stonehenge located?
• When was Stonehenge built?
• Who built Stonehenge?
• What did Stonehenge consist of?
• Where did the stones come from?
• How did ancient people use Stonehenge?

Stonehenge: What is it?

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument . One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks . It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds .

Stonehenge: Where is it located?

Stonehenge is located in the English county of Wiltshire , about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury

Stonehenge: When was it built?

Archaeologists believe the stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC, whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

Most scientists agree on the modern theory that three tribes built Stonehenge at three separate times. In approximately 3000 B.C., it is believe the first people to work on the site were Neolithic agrarians. Archeologists named them the Windmill Hill people after one of their earthworks on Windmill Hill, which is near Stonehenge. The Windmill Hill peoples built large circular furrows, or hill-top enclosures, dug around a mound and had collective burials in large stone-encased tombs. Most of their burial mounds point east-west. These people were one of the first semi-nomadic hunting and gathering groups with an agricultural economy and contained a strong reverence for circles and symmetry.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

The second group – The Beaker people - is thought to have originated in Spain, migrating northwards and colonizing north-west Europe. Their name comes from their ancient traditions in which they would bury beakers, or pottery drinking cups, with their dead. Scientists believe they were sun worshipers who aligned Stonehenge more exactly with certain important sun events, such as mid summer and winter solstices.

Stonehenge: Who built it?

The Wessex People are considered the third and final group to work on the Stonehenge site. They arrived around 1500 B.C. at the height of the Bronze Age. They were among the most advanced cultures outside the Mediterranean during this period. These people are thought to have been responsible for the bronze dagger carving found on one of the large sarsen stones within Stonehenge.

• A circular earthwork, 300 feet in diameter.
• An avenue bounded by earthworks approaching it on the north-east
• One large unworked Sarsen Stone , called the “Hele Stone” or “Friar’s Heel”.
• A recumbent slab within the earthwork called “Slaughtering Stone ”
• Two small unhewn Sarsens lying north-west and south-east of the Circle of Stones.
• A ring of hewn Sarsen stones with “imposts” or lintels mortised to them. The lintels are fitted together with toggle joints. Sixteen out of the original thirty uprights of these “Trilithones” are now standing.

Stonehenge: What did it consist of?

• The diameter of this circle is about 108 feet, or that of the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
• A ring of less perfectly hewn “Foreign Stones” (i.e. stones not to be found in Wiltshire at the present day)
• These numbered between thirty and forty. Only seven are standing today, nine are overthrown.

Stonehenge: What did it consist of?

• Five great Trilithons , arranged in a horseshoe, with the opening to the north-east. These Trilithons rise gradually in height towards the south-west. The largest group of stones fell A.D. 1620. Those next to the great Trilithon on the north-west, fell on January 3 rd , 1797.
• Today only two of the Inner Trilithons are standing. One upright of the great Trilithon (raised and made secure in 1901) is erect.
• A horseshoe of less perfectly hewn Foreign Stones. Originally there were fifteen or more of these monolits averaging eight feet high.
• A simple recumbent slab of micaceous sandstone called the “Alter Stone”.

Stonehenge: How did ancient people use it?

It is not definitively known what Stonehenge was used for. Some believe it was used for sacrifices , and others say that it was for non-sacrificial rituals involving star counting and/or the predicting of various astronomical phenomena such as eclipses. More recent ideas are moving away from the idea that Stonehenge had complex “astronomical” functions. However it was certainly set up in respect of the Midwinter Solstice.

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Текстовое содержимое слайдов презентации: Stonehenge. Презентация к уроку 1 «On Salisbury Plain.» Unit 12. к учебнику К. Кауфман, М. Кауфман «Happy English.ru» для 6-го класса.Выполнила Модина Любовь Васильевна, учитель английского языка БОУ г.Омска «СОШ №124» 2013 год
learn the new words:cemetery-кладбищеderive-получатьdesignate-обозначатьсapability-возможностьawe-inspiring-впечатляющийсentury-век, столетие
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ppt_yppt_yppt_y Stonehenge, prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BC.
As a prehistoric stone circle, it is unique because of its artificially shaped sarsen stones. The name of the monument probably derives from the Saxon stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” or “gallows”.
Stonehenge was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. English antiquarian John Aubrey in the 17th century and his compatriot archaeologist William Stukeley in the 18th century both believed the structure to be a Druid temple.
In 1963 American astronomer Gerald Hawkins proposed that Stonehenge had been constructed as a “computer” to predict lunar and solar eclipses; other scientists also attributed astronomical capabilities to the monument.
In 2008 British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggested that Stonehenge was used in prehistory as a place of healing. However, analysis of human remains from around and within the monument shows no difference from other parts of Britain in terms of the population’s health.
The Stonehenge that is visible today is incomplete, many of its original sarsens and bluestones having been broken up and taken away, probably during Britain’s Roman and medieval periods.
Stonehenge was built within an area that was already special to Mesolithic and Neolithic people. About 8000–7000 BC, early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers dug pits and erected pine posts within 650 feet (200 metres) of Stonehenge’s future location.
Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a million people per year. It stands as an icon for all that is mysterious and awe-inspiring about humanity’s prehistoric past.
For well over a century, people have gathered at the monument to celebrate the summer solstice. Modern-day Druidic societies have claimed Stonehenge as their own temple, even though the identification of Stonehenge with the original Druids is suspect.
Say: True or False.Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. It was built between 4000-1560 BC.The name of the monument probably derives from the English stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” . Some scientists believed the structure to be a Druid temple. Stonehenge is the world’s most famous stone circle, visited by more than a billion people per year.
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style.rotation Answer the questions.1. What is Stonehenge?2. What did American astronomer Gerald Hawkins propose?3. What did British archaeologists Tim Darvill and Geoffrey Wainwright suggest in 2008?4.What does the analysis show?5. Why have people gathered at the monument for well over a century?6. How many people visit Stonehenge every year?
Используемые ресурсы:Encyclopedia Britannica:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567331/StonehengeКартинки:http://img15.nnm.ru/5/c/b/2/6/9f77aa88263d9434a009e069e94_prev.jpghttp://zev.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/druids_stonehenge.jpghttp://www.knowth.eu/wallpaper/stonehenge-equinox-800.jpg

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